{"id":13380,"date":"2024-03-27T11:08:05","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T11:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/occ.vsgconsulting.eu\/?p=13380"},"modified":"2024-03-27T11:08:06","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T11:08:06","slug":"the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/occ.vsgconsulting.eu\/fr\/the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019externalisation par l\u2019UE des politiques de contr\u00f4le aux fronti\u00e8res"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cet article a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par Thomas Leroux.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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De gauche \u00e0 droite : le Premier ministre n\u00e9erlandais Mark Rutte, la pr\u00e9sidente de la Commission europ\u00e9enne Ursula von der Leyen, le pr\u00e9sident tunisien Kais Saied, la Premi\u00e8re ministre italienne Giorgia Meloni. \u2013 Copyright Union europ\u00e9enne, 2023.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, pour tenter de stopper l\u2019afflux de migrants en provenance du Moyen-Orient et d\u2019Afrique subsaharienne, l\u2019UE a externalis\u00e9 ses politiques frontali\u00e8res au travers d\u2019accords lucratifs sign\u00e9s avec des pays tiers voisins. Ces accords ont vu la pr\u00e9sidente de la Commission europ\u00e9enne, Ursula Von Der Leyen, se rendre en Tunisie et au Maroc, entre autres, pour conclure des accords, liant ainsi publiquement l'UE \u00e0 des pays qui ont souvent un tr\u00e8s mauvais bilan en mati\u00e8re de droits humains (Human Rights Watch, 2023). .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette s\u00e9rie d\u2019accords a d\u00e9but\u00e9 en mai 2016, lorsque l\u2019UE a sign\u00e9 un accord avec la Turquie, par lequel cette derni\u00e8re acceptait de prendre toutes les mesures n\u00e9cessaires pour emp\u00eacher les migrants et les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s, principalement originaires de Syrie, de quitter ses c\u00f4tes pour entrer en Gr\u00e8ce ou en Bulgarie. En \u00e9change, l\u2019UE a vers\u00e9 la somme colossale de six milliards d\u2019euros pour permettre \u00e0 la Turquie \u00ab d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la situation humanitaire \u00e0 laquelle sont confront\u00e9s les r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s dans le pays \u00bb. Il va sans dire que cet accord n\u2019a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas jou\u00e9 en faveur de l\u2019UE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Le Premier ministre turc Ahmet Davutoglu signe un accord avec l'UE en 2016<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perdre des affaires<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour l'UE, il est vrai de dire que le nombre de personnes effectuant le dangereux voyage de la Turquie vers la Gr\u00e8ce par bateau a l\u00e9g\u00e8rement diminu\u00e9 apr\u00e8s 2016 (mais reste toujours \u00e9lev\u00e9) (ICG, 2020), en raison des contr\u00f4les plus stricts des gardes-fronti\u00e8res turcs, mais pour les migrants qui tentaient de traverser, cela rendait la route plus dangereuse et plus co\u00fbteuse. Les contrebandiers ont augment\u00e9 leurs prix suite \u00e0 l\u2019accord, ce qui les a fait prosp\u00e9rer encore plus qu\u2019auparavant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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En termes g\u00e9opolitiques, cela a \u00e9galement donn\u00e9 au pr\u00e9sident turc Erdo\u011fan un \u00e9norme pouvoir de pression sur l\u2019UE, qu\u2019il a bien s\u00fbr utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 son avantage. Le pr\u00e9sident turc a souvent menac\u00e9 et fait chanter l'UE avec la perspective d'ouvrir la fronti\u00e8re turque \u00e0 tous les migrants, ce qui constitue le pire cauchemar de l'UE (Reuters, 2020). Le pacte migratoire entre la Turquie et l\u2019UE est \u00e9galement devenu l\u2019une des premi\u00e8res utilisations r\u00e9centes des migrants comme arme de levier g\u00e9opolitique. La Bi\u00e9lorussie et la Russie en ont pris note et ont utilis\u00e9 des tactiques similaires \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re polonaise en 2021. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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L'impasse \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re entre la Pologne et la Bi\u00e9lorussie en novembre 2021. Yuri Shamshur\/TASS\/ZUMA Press<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\nCes accords tr\u00e8s lucratifs placent une fois de plus l'UE dans une position vuln\u00e9rable en r\u00e9v\u00e9lant ses faiblesses.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

N\u2019ayant pas tir\u00e9 les le\u00e7ons de ce pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent accord avec la Turquie, l\u2019UE a d\u00e9sormais sign\u00e9 des accords similaires avec la Mauritanie (2024), la Libye (en 2019) et la Tunisie (en 2023) (Politico, 2023). Ces accords tr\u00e8s lucratifs placent une fois de plus l'UE dans une position vuln\u00e9rable en r\u00e9v\u00e9lant ses faiblesses. De plus, en termes de droits des migrants et de leur s\u00e9curit\u00e9, ces accords sont d\u00e9sastreux. En Tunisie, par exemple, Kais Saied, le pr\u00e9sident du pays, a utilis\u00e9 un discours anti-immigration et de haine envers les personnes venant d'Afrique subsaharienne pour accro\u00eetre sa popularit\u00e9 en Tunisie. Cela a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 des violences tr\u00e8s document\u00e9es envers les communaut\u00e9s subsahariennes du pays, de la part de la police, des gardes-fronti\u00e8res, mais aussi de la part de membres individuels de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile agac\u00e9s par les commentaires de Kais Saied.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Subsahariens sur la route migratoire \u00e0 Sfax en 2023. Al Jazeera.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Effets des accords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ces accords affaiblissent donc non seulement l\u2019UE en termes de levier g\u00e9opolitique et mettent les migrants en danger, mais ils ont \u00e9galement un effet au sein des pays avec lesquels l\u2019UE conclut ces accords. Au Niger, par exemple, ces pactes migratoires d'externalisation des fronti\u00e8res diminuent la popularit\u00e9 de l'UE aupr\u00e8s des populations locales car ils sont per\u00e7us comme une ing\u00e9rence dans la politique locale. Au sein de ce pays d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest, bien que cela soit \u00e9galement d\u00fb \u00e0 l\u2019histoire coloniale, un certain \u00e9l\u00e9ment de l\u2019accord migratoire UE-Niger a conduit les populations locales \u00e0 appeler \u00e0 la suppression de toutes les fronti\u00e8res \u00e9trang\u00e8res et \u00e0 l\u2019ing\u00e9rence \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur du pays, affectant ainsi les int\u00e9r\u00eats de l\u2019UE.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Un manque de solutions mais des opportunit\u00e9s pour l\u2019avenir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dans l'ensemble, c'est le d\u00e9sespoir de l'Union europ\u00e9enne et son manque de solutions pour faire face \u00e0 la soi-disant crise migratoire qui ont conduit \u00e0 ces accords, qui affaiblissent le pouvoir et la position internationale de l'institution.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n Cela favoriserait une Europe plus ouverte<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Cr\u00e9er des itin\u00e9raires plus s\u00fbrs pour les migrants et mettre en \u0153uvre des politiques plus tol\u00e9rantes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des migrants peuvent constituer un changement positif pour l\u2019UE. Cela favoriserait une Europe plus ouverte, respectueuse des droits de l'homme et des individus, tout en limitant la discrimination. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u2019UE a \u00e9t\u00e9 fond\u00e9e sur ces principes, et l\u2019espace Schengen, par exemple, constitue un pas dans la bonne direction vers un monde sans fronti\u00e8res. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La forteresse UE doit s\u2019ouvrir sur l\u2019avenir et \u0153uvrer \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre de ses valeurs humaines au-del\u00e0 de ses fronti\u00e8res.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/09\/28\/eu-commission-should-stop-ignoring-tunisias-abuses-against-migrants<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/europe-central-asia\/western-europemediterranean\/turkey\/sharing-burden-revisiting-eu-turkey-migration-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSKBN20Q2EJ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/eu-team-europe-tunisia-president-kais-saied-ybia-refugee-migrant-crisis\/#:~:text=European%20leaders%20were%20in%20Tunisia,the%20country’s%20unprecedented%20economic%20crisis.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.ledevoir.com\/monde\/afrique\/797748\/regime-militaire-niger-accuse-france-preparer-agression<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/03\/eu-anniversary-of-turkey-deal-offers-warning-against-further-dangerous-migration-deals-2\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/iari.site\/2021\/03\/09\/the-eu-turkey-statement-goals-tools-and-issues\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.infomigrants.net\/fr\/post\/50387\/eu-and-tunisia-sign-agreement-to-fight-illegal-migration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20230711-tunisia-moves-hundreds-of-migrants-from-desolate-border-area\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/7\/5\/african-migrants-in-tunisia-face-discrimination-little-sympathy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Cet article a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9 dans le cadre du projet europ\u00e9en INTEgreat, qui vise \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer l'int\u00e9gration des migrants et des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s dans les villes europ\u00e9ennes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2139\ufe0f INTEgreat est un projet qui vise \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer l'int\u00e9gration des personnes migrantes et r\u00e9fugi\u00e9es dans les villes europ\u00e9ennes. Il rassemble 7 organisations et entit\u00e9s \u00e0 travers l'Europe\u00a0: Ballafon (Italie), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna (Italie), Social Hackers Academy (Gr\u00e8ce), Synthesis (Chypre), Doras (Irlande), Limerick City and Country Council (Irlande) et OCC. (Espagne).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ce projet est financ\u00e9 par l'Union europ\u00e9enne \u00e0 travers le fonds AMIF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alors que l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne signe de plus en plus d\u2019accords migratoires avec des pays situ\u00e9s en dehors de l\u2019espace Schengen et de l\u2019Europe, nous r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissons aux effets de cette externalisation des fronti\u00e8res de l\u2019UE. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13394,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","latest_post"],"yoast_head":"\nThe EU\u2019s externalisation of border control policies - Open Cultural Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/openculturalcenter.org\/the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The EU\u2019s externalisation of border control policies - 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