{"id":13380,"date":"2024-03-27T11:08:05","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T11:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/occ.vsgconsulting.eu\/?p=13380"},"modified":"2024-03-27T11:08:06","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T11:08:06","slug":"the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/occ.vsgconsulting.eu\/es\/the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies\/","title":{"rendered":"La externalizaci\u00f3n de las pol\u00edticas de control fronterizo por parte de la UE"},"content":{"rendered":"

Este art\u00edculo fue escrito por Thomas Leroux.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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De izquierda a derecha: el primer ministro holand\u00e9s, Mark Rutte, la presidenta de la Comisi\u00f3n Europea, Ursula von der Leyen, el presidente tunecino, Kais Saied, y la primera ministra italiana, Giorgia Meloni. \u2013 Copyright Uni\u00f3n Europea, 2023.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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En los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, en un intento por detener la afluencia de inmigrantes provenientes de Medio Oriente y \u00c1frica subsahariana, la UE ha estado externalizando sus pol\u00edticas fronterizas a trav\u00e9s de lucrativos acuerdos firmados con terceros pa\u00edses cercanos. Estos acuerdos han llevado a la presidenta de la Comisi\u00f3n Europea, Ursula Von Der Leyen, a viajar a T\u00fanez y Marruecos, entre otros, para formar acuerdos y vincular as\u00ed p\u00fablicamente a la UE con pa\u00edses que a menudo tienen muy malos antecedentes en materia de derechos humanos (Human Rights Watch, 2023). .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esta serie de acuerdos comenz\u00f3 en mayo de 2016, cuando la UE firm\u00f3 un acuerdo con Turqu\u00eda, por el cual este \u00faltimo aceptaba tomar todas las medidas necesarias para impedir que los migrantes y refugiados, que eran principalmente de Siria, abandonaran sus costas para ingresar a Grecia o Bulgaria. A cambio, la UE pag\u00f3 la asombrosa cifra de seis mil millones de euros para permitir a Turqu\u00eda \u201cmejorar la situaci\u00f3n humanitaria que enfrentan los refugiados en el pa\u00eds\u201d. No hace falta decir que este acuerdo en gran medida no funcion\u00f3 a favor de la UE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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El primer ministro turco Ahmet Davutoglu firma un acuerdo con la UE en 2016<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perder tratos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para la UE, es cierto que el n\u00famero de personas que realizan el peligroso viaje desde Turqu\u00eda a Grecia en barco disminuy\u00f3 ligeramente despu\u00e9s de 2016 (pero sigue siendo alto) (ICG, 2020), debido a controles m\u00e1s estrictos por parte de los guardias fronterizos turcos. pero para los migrantes que intentaban cruzar, hizo que la ruta fuera m\u00e1s peligrosa y costosa. Los contrabandistas aumentaron sus precios tras el acuerdo, lo que los hizo prosperar a\u00fan m\u00e1s que antes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En t\u00e9rminos de geopol\u00edtica, esto tambi\u00e9n le dio al presidente turco, Erdo\u011fan, una enorme influencia sobre la UE, que, por supuesto, utiliz\u00f3 en su beneficio. El presidente turco a menudo amenaz\u00f3 y chantaje\u00f3 a la UE con la perspectiva de abrir la frontera turca a todos los inmigrantes, algo que es la peor pesadilla de la UE (Reuters, 2020). El pacto migratorio entre Turqu\u00eda y la UE tambi\u00e9n se convirti\u00f3 en uno de los primeros usos recientes de los inmigrantes como arma de influencia geopol\u00edtica. Bielorrusia y Rusia tomaron nota y utilizaron t\u00e1cticas similares en la frontera polaca en 2021. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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El enfrentamiento en la frontera entre Polonia y Bielorrusia en noviembre de 2021. Yuri Shamshur\/TASS\/ZUMA Press<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\nEstos acuerdos altamente lucrativos colocan una vez m\u00e1s a la UE en una posici\u00f3n vulnerable al exponer las debilidades de la organizaci\u00f3n.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Al no haber aprendido lecciones de este acuerdo anterior con Turqu\u00eda, la UE ha firmado acuerdos similares con Mauritania (2024), Libia (en 2019) y T\u00fanez (en 2023) (Politico, 2023). Estos acuerdos altamente lucrativos colocan una vez m\u00e1s a la UE en una posici\u00f3n vulnerable al exponer las debilidades de la organizaci\u00f3n. Adem\u00e1s, en t\u00e9rminos de los derechos de los migrantes y su seguridad, estos acuerdos son desastrosos. En T\u00fanez, por ejemplo, Kais Saied, el presidente del pa\u00eds, ha utilizado un discurso antiinmigraci\u00f3n y de odio hacia las personas procedentes del \u00c1frica subsahariana para aumentar su popularidad dentro de T\u00fanez. Esto ha generado mucha violencia documentada hacia las comunidades subsaharianas en el pa\u00eds por parte de la polic\u00eda, los guardias fronterizos, pero tambi\u00e9n de miembros individuales de la sociedad civil irritados por los comentarios de Kais Saied.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pueblos subsaharianos en la ruta migratoria en Sfax en 2023. Al Jazeera.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efectos de los acuerdos<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Por lo tanto, estos acuerdos no s\u00f3lo debilitan a la UE en t\u00e9rminos de influencia geopol\u00edtica y ponen en peligro a los inmigrantes, sino que tambi\u00e9n tienen un efecto dentro de los pa\u00edses con los que la UE firma estos acuerdos. En N\u00edger, por ejemplo, estos pactos migratorios de externalizaci\u00f3n de fronteras disminuyen la popularidad de la UE entre las poblaciones locales, ya que son vistos como una interferencia con la pol\u00edtica local. Dentro del pa\u00eds de \u00c1frica occidental, aunque tambi\u00e9n debido a la historia colonial, un cierto elemento del acuerdo migratorio entre la UE y N\u00edger ha llevado a las poblaciones locales a pedir la salida de todas las fronteras extranjeras y la interferencia dentro del pa\u00eds, impactando as\u00ed los intereses de la UE.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faltan soluciones pero oportunidades de futuro<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En general, es la desesperaci\u00f3n de la Uni\u00f3n Europea y la falta de soluciones para abordar la llamada crisis migratoria lo que ha llevado a estos acuerdos, que debilitan el poder de la instituci\u00f3n y su posici\u00f3n internacional.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n Promover\u00eda una Europa m\u00e1s abierta<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Crear rutas m\u00e1s seguras para los migrantes e implementar pol\u00edticas m\u00e1s tolerantes hacia los migrantes puede ser un cambio positivo para la UE. Promover\u00eda una Europa m\u00e1s abierta, respetuosa de los derechos humanos y de las personas, limitando al mismo tiempo la discriminaci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La UE se fund\u00f3 sobre esos principios y el espacio Schengen, por ejemplo, fue un paso en la direcci\u00f3n correcta hacia un mundo sin fronteras. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La UE fortaleza necesita abrirse al futuro y trabajar para la implementaci\u00f3n de sus valores humanos m\u00e1s all\u00e1 de sus fronteras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Referencias:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/09\/28\/eu-commission-should-stop-ignoring-tunisias-abuses-against-migrants<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/europe-central-asia\/western-europemediterranean\/turkey\/sharing-burden-revisiting-eu-turkey-migration-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSKBN20Q2EJ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/eu-team-europe-tunisia-president-kais-saied-ybia-refugee-migrant-crisis\/#:~:text=European%20leaders%20were%20in%20Tunisia,the%20country’s%20unprecedented%20economic%20crisis.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.ledevoir.com\/monde\/afrique\/797748\/regime-militaire-niger-accuse-france-preparer-agression<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/03\/eu-anniversary-of-turkey-deal-offers-warning-against-further-dangerous-migration-deals-2\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/iari.site\/2021\/03\/09\/the-eu-turkey-statement-goals-tools-and-issues\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.infomigrants.net\/fr\/post\/50387\/eu-and-tunisia-sign-agreement-to-fight-illegal-migration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20230711-tunisia-moves-hundreds-of-migrants-from-desolate-border-area\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/7\/5\/african-migrants-in-tunisia-face-discrimination-little-sympathy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Este art\u00edculo fue escrito como parte del proyecto europeo INTEgreat, cuyo objetivo es mejorar la integraci\u00f3n de inmigrantes y refugiados en las ciudades europeas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2139\ufe0f INTEgreat es un proyecto que tiene como objetivo mejorar la integraci\u00f3n de personas migrantes y refugiadas en las ciudades europeas. Re\u00fane a 7 organizaciones y entidades de toda Europa: Ballafon (Italia), Universit\u00e0 di Bolonia (Italia), Social Hackers Academy (Grecia), Synthesis (Chipre), Doras (Irlanda), Limerick City and Country Council (Irlanda) y OCC. (Espa\u00f1a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este proyecto est\u00e1 financiado por la Uni\u00f3n Europea a trav\u00e9s del fondo FAMI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A medida que la Uni\u00f3n Europea firma cada vez m\u00e1s acuerdos migratorios con pa\u00edses fuera del \u00e1rea Schengen y de Europa, reflexionamos sobre el efecto de esta externalizaci\u00f3n de las fronteras de la UE. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13394,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","latest_post"],"yoast_head":"\nThe EU\u2019s externalisation of border control policies - Open Cultural Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/openculturalcenter.org\/the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The EU\u2019s externalisation of border control policies - 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