{"id":13380,"date":"2024-03-27T11:08:05","date_gmt":"2024-03-27T11:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/occ.vsgconsulting.eu\/?p=13380"},"modified":"2024-03-27T11:08:06","modified_gmt":"2024-03-27T11:08:06","slug":"the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/occ.vsgconsulting.eu\/ca\/the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies\/","title":{"rendered":"L'externalitzaci\u00f3 de les pol\u00edtiques de control de fronteres de la UE"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aquest article va ser escrit per Thomas Leroux.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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D'esquerra a dreta: el primer ministre holand\u00e8s Mark Rutte, la presidenta de la Comissi\u00f3 Europea, Ursula von der Leyen, el president tunisi\u00e0 Kais Saied, la primera ministra italiana Giorgia Meloni. \u2013 Copyright Uni\u00f3 Europea, 2023.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Durant els \u00faltims anys, en un intent d'aturar l'aflu\u00e8ncia de migrants procedents de l'Orient Mitj\u00e0 i l'\u00c0frica subsahariana, la UE ha estat externalitzant les seves pol\u00edtiques frontereres mitjan\u00e7ant acords lucratius signats amb tercers pa\u00efsos propers. Aquests acords han vist que la presidenta de la Comissi\u00f3 Europea, Ursula Von Der Leyen, viatja a Tun\u00edsia i al Marroc, entre d'altres, per concertar acords i, per tant, vincular p\u00fablicament la UE amb pa\u00efsos que sovint tenen un historial de drets humans molt pobre (Human Rights Watch, 2023). .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquesta s\u00e8rie d'acords va comen\u00e7ar el maig de 2016, quan la UE va signar un acord amb Turquia, pel qual aquesta va acceptar prendre les mesures necess\u00e0ries per evitar que els migrants i refugiats, que eren principalment de S\u00edria, abandonessin les seves costes per entrar a Gr\u00e8cia o Bulg\u00e0ria. A canvi, la UE va pagar sis mil milions d'euros per permetre a Turquia "millorar la situaci\u00f3 humanit\u00e0ria a qu\u00e8 s'enfronten els refugiats al pa\u00eds". No cal dir que aquest acord majorit\u00e0riament no va funcionar a favor de la UE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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El primer ministre turc Ahmet Davutoglu va signar un acord amb la UE el 2016<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perdre acords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Per a la UE, \u00e9s cert dir que el nombre de persones que van fer el perill\u00f3s viatge de Turquia a Gr\u00e8cia amb vaixell va disminuir lleugerament despr\u00e9s del 2016 (per\u00f2 segueix sent elevat) (ICG, 2020), a causa dels controls m\u00e9s estrictes dels gu\u00e0rdies fronterers turcs, per\u00f2 per als migrants que intentaven creuar, feia que la ruta fos m\u00e9s perillosa i m\u00e9s costosa. Els contrabandistes van augmentar els seus preus despr\u00e9s de l'acord, cosa que els va fer prosperar encara m\u00e9s que abans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pel que fa a la geopol\u00edtica, aix\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 va donar al president turc, Erdo\u011fan, una enorme influ\u00e8ncia sobre la UE, que, per descomptat, va utilitzar en el seu benefici. El president turc sovint va amena\u00e7ar i fer xantatge a la UE amb la perspectiva d'obrir la frontera turca a tots els migrants, cosa que \u00e9s el pitjor malson de la UE (Reuters, 2020). El pacte de migrants entre Turquia i la UE tamb\u00e9 es va convertir en un dels primers usos recents dels migrants com a arma de palanquejament geopol\u00edtic. Bielor\u00fassia i R\u00fassia van prendre nota i van utilitzar t\u00e0ctiques similars a la frontera amb Pol\u00f2nia el 2021. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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El enfrontament a la frontera entre Pol\u00f2nia i Bielor\u00fassia el novembre de 2021. Yuri Shamshur\/TASS\/ZUMA Press<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\nAquests acords molt lucratius tornen a situar la UE en un lloc vulnerable en exposar les debilitats de l'organitzaci\u00f3.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sense haver apr\u00e8s lli\u00e7ons d'aquest acord anterior amb Turquia, la UE ha signat ara acords similars amb Maurit\u00e0nia (2024), L\u00edbia (el 2019) i Tun\u00edsia (el 2023) (Politico, 2023). Aquests acords molt lucratius tornen a situar la UE en un lloc vulnerable en exposar les debilitats de l'organitzaci\u00f3. A m\u00e9s, pel que fa als drets dels migrants i la seva seguretat, aquests acords s\u00f3n desastrosos. A Tun\u00edsia, per exemple, Kais Saied, el president del pa\u00eds, ha utilitzat un discurs antimigratori i d'odi cap a la gent que arriba de l'\u00c0frica subsahariana per augmentar la seva popularitat a Tun\u00edsia. Aix\u00f2 ha creat una viol\u00e8ncia molt documentada cap a les comunitats subsaharianas del pa\u00eds per part de la policia, els gu\u00e0rdies fronterers, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 de membres individuals de la societat civil irritats pels comentaris de Kais Saied.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pobles subsaharians a la ruta migrat\u00f2ria a Sfax l'any 2023. Al Jazeera.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Efectes dels acords<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Per tant, aquests acords no nom\u00e9s debiliten la UE en termes de palanquejament geopol\u00edtic, posen en perill els migrants, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 tenen un efecte dins dels pa\u00efsos amb els quals la UE fa aquests acords. Al N\u00edger, per exemple, aquests pactes migratoris d'externalitzaci\u00f3 de fronteres disminueixen la popularitat de la UE entre les poblacions locals, ja que es veuen com una interfer\u00e8ncia amb la pol\u00edtica local. Dins del pa\u00eds de l'\u00c0frica Occidental, encara que tamb\u00e9 a causa de la hist\u00f2ria colonial, un cert element de l'acord migratori UE-N\u00edger ha fet que les poblacions locals demanin la sortida de totes les fronteres exteriors i la interfer\u00e8ncia dins del pa\u00eds, afectant aix\u00ed els interessos de la UE.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manca de solucions per\u00f2 oportunitats de futur<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En conjunt, \u00e9s la desesperaci\u00f3 de la Uni\u00f3 Europea i la manca de solucions per fer front a l'anomenada crisi migrat\u00f2ria el que ha portat a aquests acords, que debiliten el poder i la posici\u00f3 internacional de la instituci\u00f3.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n Fomentaria una Europa m\u00e9s oberta<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

La creaci\u00f3 de rutes m\u00e9s segures per als migrants i la implementaci\u00f3 de pol\u00edtiques d'acceptaci\u00f3 cap als migrants poden ser un canvi positiu per a la UE. Fomentaria una Europa m\u00e9s oberta, respectant els drets humans i les persones, alhora que limitaria la discriminaci\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La UE es va fundar sobre aquests principis, i l'espai Schengen, per exemple, va ser un pas en la direcci\u00f3 correcta cap a un m\u00f3n sense fronteres. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La fortalesa de la UE ha d'obrir-se al futur i treballar per a la implementaci\u00f3 dels seus valors humans m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de les seves fronteres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Refer\u00e8ncies:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2023\/09\/28\/eu-commission-should-stop-ignoring-tunisias-abuses-against-migrants<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.crisisgroup.org\/europe-central-asia\/western-europemediterranean\/turkey\/sharing-burden-revisiting-eu-turkey-migration-deal<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSKBN20Q2EJ\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/eu-team-europe-tunisia-president-kais-saied-ybia-refugee-migrant-crisis\/#:~:text=European%20leaders%20were%20in%20Tunisia,the%20country’s%20unprecedented%20economic%20crisis.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.ledevoir.com\/monde\/afrique\/797748\/regime-militaire-niger-accuse-france-preparer-agression<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/03\/eu-anniversary-of-turkey-deal-offers-warning-against-further-dangerous-migration-deals-2\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/iari.site\/2021\/03\/09\/the-eu-turkey-statement-goals-tools-and-issues\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.infomigrants.net\/fr\/post\/50387\/eu-and-tunisia-sign-agreement-to-fight-illegal-migration<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.middleeastmonitor.com\/20230711-tunisia-moves-hundreds-of-migrants-from-desolate-border-area\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2023\/7\/5\/african-migrants-in-tunisia-face-discrimination-little-sympathy<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Aquest article va ser escrit en el marc del projecte europeu INTEgreat, que t\u00e9 com a objectiu millorar la integraci\u00f3 dels migrants i refugiats a les ciutats europees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2139\ufe0f INTEgreat \u00e9s un projecte que pret\u00e9n millorar la integraci\u00f3 de persones migrants i refugiades a les ciutats europees. Reuneix 7 organitzacions i entitats d'arreu d'Europa: Ballafon (It\u00e0lia), Universit\u00e0 di Bologna (It\u00e0lia), Social Hackers Academy (Gr\u00e8cia), Synthesis (Xipre), Doras (Irlanda), Limerick City and Country Council (Irlanda) i OCC (Espanya).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aquest projecte est\u00e0 finan\u00e7at per la Uni\u00f3 Europea a trav\u00e9s del fons AMIF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A mesura que la Uni\u00f3 Europea signa cada cop m\u00e9s acords migratoris amb pa\u00efsos fora de l'espai Schengen i d'Europa, reflexionem sobre l'efecte d'aquesta externalitzaci\u00f3 de les fronteres de la UE. <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13394,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","latest_post"],"yoast_head":"\nThe EU\u2019s externalisation of border control policies - Open Cultural Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/openculturalcenter.org\/the-eus-externalisation-of-border-control-policies\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The EU\u2019s externalisation of border control policies - 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