{"id":11446,"date":"2022-12-15T13:17:40","date_gmt":"2022-12-15T13:17:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/open-cultural-center-may-2.local\/?p=11446"},"modified":"2023-07-06T16:02:10","modified_gmt":"2023-07-06T16:02:10","slug":"colombia-when-peace-and-conflict-coexist","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/occ.vsgconsulting.eu\/ca\/colombia-when-peace-and-conflict-coexist\/","title":{"rendered":"Col\u00f2mbia: quan conviuen pau i conflicte"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Escrit per Anna Bartalini, Marta Hormaechea i Emma Santanach<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La versi\u00f3 final de l'acord de pau entre el Govern de Col\u00f2mbia i les FARC-EP es va arribar el 2016, despr\u00e9s d'anys de negociacions, refer\u00e8ndums fallits i d\u00e8cades de conflicte civil. Aquesta data ha estat qualificada com una de les m\u00e9s democratitzadores i modernitzadores de Col\u00f2mbia per la Comissi\u00f3 de la Veritat, l'\u00f2rgan creat per l'acord per ajudar l'estat colombi\u00e0 a crear un proc\u00e9s de pau estable. No obstant aix\u00f2, el proc\u00e9s de pau a Col\u00f2mbia ha estat fr\u00e0gil. A Buenaventura per exemple, la viol\u00e8ncia no ha disminu\u00eft, ha canviat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Nelly* i la Blanca*, dues dones de Buenaventura i ara residents a Barcelona, ens van explicar les seves hist\u00f2ries personals de fugida del pa\u00eds a causa del conflicte en curs. La primera que entrevistem va ser Nelly, que va fugir del pa\u00eds l'any 2018. Durant la seva entrevista va esmentar un dels temes m\u00e9s complicats de l'acord de pau: la reinserci\u00f3 dels antics guerrillers a la societat. Un tema que ha dividit els colombians des del principi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molts no accepten la idea de donar la possibilitat a les ex-FARC de comen\u00e7ar una nova vida. Altres creuen que \u00e9s l'\u00fanica manera d'aconseguir una societat m\u00e9s cohesionada. La realitat \u00e9s que els antics guerrillers poques vegades tenien oportunitats reals de reintegrar-se. Com a resultat, molts van ser assassinats, mentre que la resta mai van deixar caure els bra\u00e7os i van entrar en delicte com\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Com va comentar Nelly, a Buenaventura, despr\u00e9s d'una relativa pau entre el 2016 i el 2018, la viol\u00e8ncia va tornar a esclatar el 2021. Des de gener de 2017 fins a desembre de 2021, el districte va registrar 58.395 v\u00edctimes per algun tipus d'esdeveniment victimari. La viol\u00e8ncia ha vist un canvi en els actors i en les seves modalitats. Primer, va ser entre guerrillers i paramilitars, despr\u00e9s entre ex\u00e8rcits de narcotraficants, despr\u00e9s entre grups postparamilitars, i ara entre grups locals. Com a resultat, la ciutat \u00e9s un exemple fidel que la viol\u00e8ncia a Col\u00f2mbia no ha desaparegut mai. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buenaventura, un poble de paradoxes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Buenaventura, situat al departament de la Vall del Cauca, \u00e9s el principal port mar\u00edtim de Col\u00f2mbia i un dels ports m\u00e9s grans d'Am\u00e8rica Llatina. Si b\u00e9 el port de Buenaventura ha crescut a un ritme fenomenal al llarg dels anys, la poblaci\u00f3 pateix una de les pitjors condicions de pobresa a Col\u00f2mbia. 81% dels seus habitants viuen en la pobresa i m\u00e9s de 100.000 persones han estat v\u00edctimes del conflicte armat. La gent viu sobre xanques al voltant del port amb un acc\u00e9s limitat als serveis i a l'aigua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La pres\u00e8ncia de grups violents t\u00e9 les seves arrels a la zona de Buenaventura, on s'han produ\u00eft enfrontaments de paramilitars i grups armats a diferents cims. La lluita armada entre grups rivals pel poder ha caracteritzat tant la ciutat com els barris rurals. La combinaci\u00f3 de diferents factors ha perm\u00e8s aquesta perpetraci\u00f3 de viol\u00e8ncia al llarg de d\u00e8cades: en primer lloc, la incapacitat de les institucions estatals per garantir les condicions adequades per al desenvolupament de la ciutat i per al funcionament de les infraestructures p\u00fabliques. En segon lloc, una manca d'oportunitats generalitzada, que justifica la taxa d'atur (27,9%), la segona taxa m\u00e9s alta del pa\u00eds. Finalment, la ubicaci\u00f3 del port genera les condicions perfectes per a la il\u00b7legalitat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buenaventura \u00e9s un objectiu atractiu per a activitats il\u00b7l\u00edcites de grups criminals, que han convertit les sortides mar\u00edtimes en vies de delinq\u00fc\u00e8ncia. L'any 2021 Buenaventura va tenir el pic de viol\u00e8ncia m\u00e9s alt registrat en l'\u00faltima d\u00e8cada. La taxa d'homicidis va ser del 61,6 per cada 100.000 habitants, molt per sobre de la taxa nacional de 26,8. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Buenaventura \u00e9s un poble de paradoxes. \u00c9s una ciutat rica, per\u00f2 els habitants no es beneficien d'aquesta riquesa. Les empreses privades que regeixen el port i les bandes criminals que lluiten pel control de la ciutat estan gestionant tots els beneficis.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Per qu\u00e8 Buenaventura \u00e9s un cas pr\u00e0ctic interessant?<\/em><\/strong>
\u00c9s una ciutat que tamb\u00e9 revela un potencial inexplotat, gr\u00e0cies a la seva riquesa cultural, biodiversitat i situaci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica estrat\u00e8gica. Buenaventura est\u00e0 envoltada de paisatges verds, immenses quantitats de rius, platges cristal\u00b7lines i reserves naturals. El port de Buenaventura ha crescut a un ritme fenomenal al llarg dels anys, i el seu sector tur\u00edstic tamb\u00e9.
Al mateix temps, \u00e9s una ciutat de resist\u00e8ncia. Buenaventura \u00e9s un territori de comunitats negres. M\u00e9s de 90% de la seva poblaci\u00f3 s'identifica com a negre o afrodescendent. En els \u00faltims anys, els l\u00edders socials locals han pres moltes accions per millorar la vida de les seves comunitats.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Nelly i Lucia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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L'any 2017, Nelly va treballar com a comptable per a una empresa multinacional d'importaci\u00f3 i exportaci\u00f3. Tamb\u00e9 va formar part d'un moviment activista i mare soltera d'un nen de sis anys. En escoltar aquesta visi\u00f3 general, qualsevol diria que Nelly era una dona realitzada i empoderada que podia mantenir-se a si mateixa i a la seva fam\u00edlia. Per\u00f2 un factor va complicar la seva situaci\u00f3: vivia a Buenaventura. All\u00e0, l'estabilitat, la prosperitat o la felicitat pengen d'un fil. En el cas concret de Nelly, l'equilibri sensible es va perdre a causa del que ella anomena "viol\u00e8ncia comuna". <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despr\u00e9s de l'acord de pau, explica Nelly, molts guerrillers que van decidir deixar caure les armes es van enfrontar a l'estigma i van lluitar per trobar oportunitats per reintegrar la societat. El resultat: es van involucrar en m\u00e0fies al port. La delinq\u00fc\u00e8ncia i els robatoris de contenidors s\u00f3n una realitat di\u00e0ria a Buenaventura, i no hi ha un sistema de control oficial. En canvi, les empreses d'import-exportaci\u00f3 senten la pressi\u00f3 dels seus clients internacionals per trobar els responsables, de manera que posen els seus propis departaments de seguretat interns i poc transparents. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aix\u00ed va ser acomiadat Nelly. Sense explicaci\u00f3, nom\u00e9s una prova de pol\u00edgraf com a part del que ella anomena una "investigaci\u00f3 falsa" amb l'\u00fanic objectiu de netejar la imatge de l'empresa. A la mateixa hora, un home amb una moto la va aturar mentre caminava pel carrer un vespre. Sabia on vivien ella i la seva filla. No va dir m\u00e9s, per\u00f2 Nelly tenia molts col\u00b7legues activistes que havien estat amena\u00e7ats i despr\u00e9s assassinats. Aquest esdeveniment va ser el desencadenant final. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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A Buenaventura, a m\u00e9s de la manca d'oportunitats subjacents, la "terrible qualitat de l'educaci\u00f3", la manca de serveis hospitalaris i la por constant pels bombardeigs i tiroteigs al seu propi barri, ja no podia garantir la seguretat ni l'estabilitat per a ella. nen. Necessitava marxar.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Els mateixos motius tamb\u00e9 van portar a la Luc\u00eda a fugir de Buenaventura, encara que la seva hist\u00f2ria \u00e9s molt diferent. Va arribar a Espanya el 2020 amb un dels seus quatre fills. El conflicte colombi\u00e0 va alterar la vida dels altres tres: un va ser segrestat fa 16 anys, un altre va ser assassinat i el tercer es va quedar a Col\u00f2mbia. \u201cCom a mare solter, no tenia m\u00e9s remei que fugir pel meu fill\u201d, explica. La decisi\u00f3 no va ser f\u00e0cil, per\u00f2 la situaci\u00f3 a Buenaventura no era prou segura. \u201cBuenaventura \u00e9s una de les zones m\u00e9s ben situades de Col\u00f2mbia, per\u00f2 la seva gent est\u00e0 oblidada\u201d, explica. Com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, la gent \u2013sobretot els joves\u2013 \u201cagafa les armes i s'incorpora a la guerrilla. Els mou la fam i l'ego\u201d. Malgrat l'Acord de Pau del 2016, l'oblit, la mis\u00e8ria i la viol\u00e8ncia persisteixen a la ciutat. Luc\u00eda \u00e9s realment molt cr\u00edtica amb l'Acord. Est\u00e0 conven\u00e7uda que res ha canviat. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cPau? Quina pau?\u201d, pregunta sarc\u00e0sticament. \u201cL'acord nom\u00e9s ha beneficiat els que ja tenen el poder. No \u00e9s el nostre cas, seguim en la mateixa situaci\u00f3\u201d. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Nou govern, nova esperan\u00e7a?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Hi ha hagut un canvi de rumb important. El juny d'enguany, Gustavo Petro<\/a>, un antic lluitador que es va incorporar a la guerrilla als anys 80, va guanyar les eleccions amb 50,8% de vots (segons el registre nacional). Col\u00f2mbia mai havia tingut un president d'esquerres. Juntament amb Fran\u00e7a M\u00e1rquez<\/a>, representen la cara del nou govern; un cansat de m\u00e9s de cinc d\u00e8cades de conflicte i disposat a reescriure la hist\u00f2ria de Col\u00f2mbia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silvia Plana Subirana<\/a> de l'ICIP (Institut Catal\u00e0 Internacional per la Pau) ens va explicar: \u201cPetro s'ha comprom\u00e8s a implementar totes les recomanacions de just\u00edcia i reparaci\u00f3 incloses en l'informe final de la Comissi\u00f3 de la Veritat de Colombia, que es va publicar el juny d'aquest any. Aix\u00ed que hi ha voluntat, per\u00f2 el futur encara \u00e9s incert\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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En paraules de Nelly, \u201cHi ha un sentit general d'esperan\u00e7a, sobretot entre les classes baixes i mitjanes perqu\u00e8 s\u00f3n les persones m\u00e9s afectades... S\u00f3c optimista en el sentit que pot ser capa\u00e7 de fer coses que els altres no van fer. Per\u00f2 al final t\u00e9 les mans lligades\u201d. La Luc\u00eda \u00e9s una mica m\u00e9s esc\u00e8ptica. Li agrada el fet que ambd\u00f3s candidats hagin passat pel mateix que moltes persones a Col\u00f2mbia. "Per\u00f2 no pots confiar en ning\u00fa", afirma. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Per la seva banda, Luc\u00eda no volia marxar del seu pa\u00eds, per\u00f2 no es penedeix gens de la seva decisi\u00f3. \u201cLa gent d'aqu\u00ed ha de saber que a Col\u00f2mbia tamb\u00e9 necessitem ajuda\u201d, ha afegit abans d'acabar l'entrevista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Qu\u00e8 est\u00e0 fent Barcelona per Col\u00f2mbia?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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La realitat de Buenaventura s'acosta m\u00e9s a la d'una ciutat en guerra que d'una ciutat en pau. \u00c9s per aix\u00f2 que milers de persones com la Nelly o la Luc\u00eda decideixen marxar de casa a la recerca d'un lloc m\u00e9s segur a Europa. Tanmateix, des de l'Acord de Pau del 2016, Col\u00f2mbia \u00e9s percebuda internacionalment com a pau, i aix\u00f2 dificulta perillosament els drets de les persones que fugen de Col\u00f2mbia a causa del conflicte. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Nelly ho va experimentar personalment: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cEl rebuig oficial de la meva sol\u00b7licitud d'asil al govern espanyol va ser un document de 7 o 8 p\u00e0gines on continuaven sobre com Col\u00f2mbia va signar un acord de pau el 2016, per la qual cosa no hi va haver guerra al pa\u00eds i les meves declaracions sobre la fugida. no s'acceptaven els conflictes. \u00c9s rid\u00edcul, de veritat"<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Com la de Nelly, des del gener s'han rebutjat 12.133 peticions d'asil de colombians, la qual cosa representa 95.771 TP3T del total de resolucions publicades per a ciutadans colombians.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tot i aix\u00f2, Barcelona tamb\u00e9 \u00e9s un lloc on es treballa per donar suport als colombians i conscienciar sobre el conflicte. ICIP<\/a> va acollir el Secretariat Europeu de la Comissi\u00f3 Colombiana de la Veritat, actor central en la recollida de testimonis de les v\u00edctimes del conflicte colombi\u00e0 que resideixen ara a Europa, imprescindible per promoure el reconeixement de les v\u00edctimes i visibilitzar la veritat sobre el conflicte i construir-ne una consci\u00e8ncia col\u00b7lectiva. Taula Catalana per la Pau<\/a> tamb\u00e9 est\u00e0 treballant per construir una xarxa solid\u00e0ria i promoure una plataforma per a iniciatives de la societat civil que treballin en la defensa i la sensibilitzaci\u00f3 sobre Col\u00f2mbia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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*S'ha canviat el nom per motius de protecci\u00f3<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Qu\u00e8 est\u00e0 passant a Col\u00f2mbia despr\u00e9s de l'elecci\u00f3 d'un govern hist\u00f2ricament d'esquerres?
\nL'acord de pau realment va posar fi a la viol\u00e8ncia al pa\u00eds? Hi ha esperan\u00e7a per al nou govern? La Nelly i la Luc\u00eda, dues dones colombianes que van emigrar a Espanya, ens expliquen les seves hist\u00f2ries per ajudar-nos a apropar-nos a la realitat de Buenaventura, un port de la costa del Pac\u00edfic de Col\u00f2mbia. Un lloc ple de contradiccions, que resumeix moltes de les principals q\u00fcestions del pa\u00eds, on prosperitat i pobresa xoquen amb viol\u00e8ncia, per\u00f2 on ja es percep el potencial d'una Col\u00f2mbia futura.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11478,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[75,204],"tags":[199,120,200,126],"class_list":["post-11446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-insights","tag-colombia","tag-migration","tag-occinsights","tag-refugees","latest_post"],"yoast_head":"\nColombia: when peace and conflict coexist - Open Cultural Center<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is going on in Colombia after the election of a historically leftist government?Did the peace agreement really bring a stop to violence in the country? Is there hope for the new government? Nelly and Luc\u00eda, two Colombian women who migrated to Spain, tell us their stories to help us get closer to the reality of Buenaventura, a port on Colombia's Pacific coast. 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